Important Terminology:

Abberation (Chromatic):
The tendancy for light within a lens to 

Abberation (Spherical):
The tendancy for light within a lens to 

Aperture:
The size of the opening in the camera lens allowing light to reach the sensor or film. Think of this as controling the volume of light entering the camera, more light requires a faster shutter speed to compensate and keep from making an overexposed image, and vice versa.
NOTE: Adjusting aperture will invariably impact the depth of field in a scene.

Depth of Field:
The region of an image that is in focus, this is represented by an imaginary flat plane perfecdtly parallel with the film or sensor plane. This plane is very narrow when aperture is wide open, and becomes much larger when a smaller aperture is utilized.
NOTE: when using a shallow depth of field obtaining perfect focus on the desired subject is crutial. A larger depth of field provides more leniancy if the object in question is moving or if a landscape is the subject   

Dynamic Range:
"The dynamic range (DR) is the ratio between the highest and lowest exposure that can be acquired on the sensing device." A high dynamic range offers a more detailed record of the information in highlights and shadows. 

Element:
An individual optical lens within a larger compound lens system.
Front and rear element refering to the front of the lens, and the back of the lens respectiveley.

Focal Length:
The focal length of a given lens is the distance from the rear element to the sensor/film plane when the lens is focused at infinity.
NOTE: Focusing on objects closer than infinity requires moving the lens farther away from the sensor/film. This poses a limitation to some cameras and lenses, such as high zoom lenses and large format cameras, as they need to be prohibitively long to allow for closer focusing. To compensate for this, adapters exist to extend the disance from the rear element to the sensor/film. Additionally larger bellows are sold to allow for similar range in large format cameras.

HDR digital photo:
Using multiple exposures and a tripod, photographs taken using different exposure settings may be merged to create an image with a much higher dynamic range than a camera may be able to produce in a single image. This process is easily handled by photo editing softwares such as Photoshop and GIMP, and can result in vastly improved imagery from what a camera may otherwise be able to obtain.

ISO:
Refers to the sensitivity of a cameras sensor or film to light entering the camera. 
NOTE: ISO cannot be changed in a film camera once a roll of film has been started. ISO, from the greek word Isos meaning equal.

Shutter:
The physical barrier that governs the duration of a sensor or films exposure. The speed, size, and shape this opening passes across the film plane impacts the amount of light allowed to reach the camera sensor. Shutters are generally either curtain or leaf, with the latter predominately being used in older cameras and large format photography.
NOTE: fast moving object will expose at different locations as the shutter passes across the sensor or film, this can be seen in the wheels of fast moving cars appearing to flatten and angle in the direction of movement.

Citations
https://corp.dxomark.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/2012-Film_vs_Digital_final_copyright.pdf

Known as ISO, the speed of a film being utilized will impact the amount of light a camera will need to take in in order to obtain desired exposure levels. Depicted below is a Bayer filter, invented by a Kodak lab tech, used to categorize the entire spectrum of light entering a camera into discrete colors used in processing the otherwise monochrome sensor imagery into a full color RBG photograph. It consists of an array of colored filters and microlenses scattered in a uniform pattern over the camera sensor. 

Note: The size of a cameras individual pixels has the greatest impact on the sensitivity of said pixels. Larger pixels are capable of taking in a greater amount of light, and thus result in a less noisy image. Meaning a full frame 

P.S. ISO is the name of the International Organization for Standardization (simplified using the Greek Isos, meaning "equal" ie. Isosceles triangle)

Bokeh & Aperture Shape

These images demonstrate the reduction in light entering the camera as the aperture is stopped down to its maximum. Exposure corrected images are also supplied to demonstrate the effective power of post production exposure modification. 

NOTE: As the aperture becomes smaller it takes on the shape made by the metal blades that form it. In the case of this lens it is clearly composed of a 6 blade design, given its characteristic hexagonal Bokeh.

NOTE: Above images are taken of sun glare on a window crack, artifacts to the lower left and uper right of the primary glare are not diffraction spikes.

The long lines radiating from point sources of light, intensified by increasing the aperture, are caused by the interaction of light with the edge of the aperture blades. The wider open the aperture the more circular the blades and the less prominant the optical property, the smaller the aperture blades the more prominant the shape they form. For this reason more expensive lenses will have ever more blades in their apertures to make an ever more perfect circle.

This is a diffraction property of light, the same property by which holograms and lippmann plates operate, see Darkroom Science for more details.

Dynamic range is a topic one could go into extreme depth on, but this should serve as a cursory overview of what one needs to know in order to get photos that look the way you want.

The dynamic range is roughly, the range of light levels within a scene over which a camera may record useable data at one time.

When a photograph is taken, the range over which light levels will be recorded at a pleasing value will be limited. This limit is set by the responsiveness of the sensor medium or film to incoming light. Given that digital sensors function at their root essentially as light meters, there is a peak value at which point no higher levels of light data may be recorded, known in the literature as a "well limit". This peak cutoff is depicted on the graph below, comparing the dynamic range of color 35mm Kodak Portra 160 film with a digital sesnor. The effect of this peak is that highlights will have no data recorded beyond a certain exposure value, severely limiting the dynamic range over which the sensor is able to record valuable data (an image). 

This cuttoff in recording highlight detail is not seen in the response curve of the film tested, however it is to be noted that the signal to noise ratio of the film is significantly lower than that of digital sensors. This means that the "grain" of a film image will be inherently higher, but the overall ability to capture an image over a wider range of light levels will also be greater.

Further reading

• Zone System by Ansel Adams, method of guaging the necessary exposure of a scene using the desired highlights and shadows

Citation:

https://corp.dxomark.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/2012-Film_vs_Digital_final_copyright.pdf

Bokeh is a Japanese word meaning "blur" or "haze."

This term has been used since 1997 to refer to an often very aesthestic blured foreground and/or background that is often utilized in creating certain atmospheres in cinema, and is used to focus the eyes attention on a subject in portraiture rather than their setting.

Older lenses will often display prominant spherical abberation in the shape of their respective bokeh. Functionally this is seen as pinpoints of light, otherwise perfectly round in a wide open lens, flattening towards the edges of the lens. This results in a circular pattern within any one Bokeh pattern on lenses with excessive spherical abberation

Chromatic Aberration:

Spherical Aberration:

These two things have plagued all forms of optics since man first looked through a camera obscura in ancient times. Initially longer focal lengths were used because the collimated nature of the light inherently brought all of the wavelenghts of visible light into better focus, which works great for telescopes, but inevitably more compact optics were needed to make more practical the burgeoning and novel art of photography in the mid 19th century. This led to the development of a number of different photographic lenses manufactured to reduce these aberrations. But it was not until 1954 that a Kodak optical engineer, who's position at Kodak comes entirely thanks to a personal recomendation from Albert Einstein himself, named Maximilian Herzberger invented the Superachromat a lens capable of bringing into reasonable focus all the wavelengths of light from IR to UV. Maximilian was denied a professorship at Jena University and forced to emigrate to the US by the increasing restrictions of the Nazi regime.

Citations

https://www.tmax100.com/photo/pdf/film.pdf

https://history.denverlibrary.org/sites/history/files/Photographs_from_the_19century.pdf

https://www.getty.edu/publications/resources/virtuallibrary/9780892367016.pdf

https://www.bl.uk/britishlibrary/~/media/bl/global/conservation/pdf-guides/preservation-of-photographic-material-guide.pdf

https://www.aardenburg-imaging.com/AaI_20080906_SN001Lf

Documents supplied in the original French, along with an english translation made the following decade.

Mike Ware Resource Location:

https://www.mikeware.co.uk/mikeware/downloads.html

https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a63a84d692ebe91943f2e97/t/5a8fa39f24a6946e9ec332e6/1519362988756/Robinson_Dissertation_TMAD_sm.pdf

Scientists

• Lippman

• Carl Zeiss
  German Lens Manufacturer

• William Hershell
  inventorof the Cyanotype

• Henry Niepce
  
  

• Louis Daguere
  
  

• George Eastman
  
  

• Henry Foxtrot Talbot
  
  

• lumieres
  
  

• Nadar
  
  

• Harold Eugene "Doc" Edgerton
  
  

• Russell A. Kirsch

• Dr. Richard Leach Maddox
  
  

Artists

Landscape

• Ansel Adams

Portraiture

Architecture

War

• Roger Fenton

Photojournalists

• Alfred Stieglitz

• Andy Warhol

• Jean-Baptiste Gustave Le Gray-
  "the most important French photographer of the nineteenth century"

• Robert Howlett
  British Photographer

• Carleton E. Watkins

• Alexander Gardner

• Julia Margaret Cameron

• Andrew Joseph Russell

• William Henry Jackson

• Timothy H. O'Sullivan

• Eadweard Muybridge

• Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

• Clarence Hudson White

• Louis Marie-Auguste Boutan

• Frederick H. Evans

• Edward Jean Steichen

• Edward Sherriff Curtis

• John T. Daniels

• Lewis Hine

• Ernest Joseph Bellocq

• weegee

• Jacques Henri Lartigue

• Paul Strand

• Edward Henry Weston

• Man Ray

• Rudolf Koppitz

• August Sander

• Erich Salomon

• Henri Cartier-Bresson

• Robert Doisneau

• James Augustus Van Der Zee

• Heinrich Hoffmann

• Yevonde Philone Middleton

• Dorothea Lange

• Margaret Bourke-White

• Robert Capa

• Herbert List

• Bill Brandt

• Yousuf Karsh

• Dmitri Baltermants

• Gordon Roger Alexander Buchanan Parks

• Frank Powolny

• Joseph John Rosenthal

• Yevgeny Ananyevich Khaldei

• Alfred Eisenstaedt

• Andreas Bernhard Lyonel Feininger

• William Eugene Smith

• Willy Ronis

• Ralph Theodore Morse

• Arthur Sasse

• Hyman Peskin

• Alfred Gregory

• Ernest C. Withers

• Ogle Winston Link

• Alberto Díaz Gutiérrez

• Peter Leibing

• Abraham Zapruder

• Charles Lee Moore

• Heliograph

• Photogenic Drawing

• Photogram

• Photogene

• Autochrome Lumiere

• Daguerotype

• Callotype

• Ambrotype

• Cyanotype

• Albumen Print

• Platinotype

• Uranotype

• Siderotype

• Argyrotype

• Chrysotype

• Tintype

• Wet Plate Collodion

• Collodion Dry Plate

• Gelatin Dry Plate

• Ortho/Panchromatic Film

• Reprography

• Cinematography

• Schlieren Photography

• Infrared Photography

• Kirlian Photography

• Photogrammetry

• Ultra Violet Photography

• Hologram

• Abberation:
  
  

• Aperture:
  From the Latin apertura, meaning "an opening." The past participle of aperire, meaning "to open, uncover." Prot-Indo-European apo- meaning "off, away," and wer- meaning "to cover"

• Bulb
  From the Greek bolbos, meaning "plant with round swelling on underground stem."  

• Camera
  From the Latin camera, meaning "a vault, vaulted room." Originally from Greek kamara, meaning "vaulted chamber, anything with an arched cover."

• Cinema
  From the Greek kinetic, meaning motion.

• Depth
  From the Proto.Indo.european. *dheub-, meaning "deep, hollow."

• Develop
  From the French desveloper (variously spelled développer, desvoleper, or desvoloper) meaning to "unwrap, unfurl, unveil; reveal the meaning of, explain." Des- meaning "undo," and +veloper meaning "wrap up."

• Diffraction
  From the Latin diffringere, meaning "break apart in pieces." Dis- meaning "apart" and +frangere meaning "to break." 

• Digital
  From the Latin digitus, meaning "finger or toe." As numbers under 10 were counted on the hands.

• Dynamic
  From the Greek dynasthai, meaning "to be able, to have power, be strong enough."

• Expose
  From the Latin exponere, meaning "set forth, lay open, exhibit, reveal, publish." Ex- meaning "from, forth," and +ponere meaning "to put, place."

• Fast
  From the old English fæst, meaning "firmly fixed, steadfast, constant; secure; enclosed, watertight; strong, fortified."

• Film
  From Proto-Germanic *fello(m), meaning "animal hide."

• Fix
  From the Latin fixus, meaning "fixed, fast, immovable; established, settled." 

• Flash
  From the Proto-Indo-European *bhel-, meaning "to shine, flash, burn."

• ISO
  From the Greek isos, meaning "equal."

• Landscape
  From the Middle Dutch landscap, meaning "landscape." Land- meaning "region," and -scap meaning "ship, state, condition."

• Lens
  From the Latin lens, genetive of lentis, meaning "lentil plant" as double convexed lenses resemble the seedds of this legume

• Lithograph
  From the Greek words litho-, meaning "stone" and -graphie, meaning "to write, draw."

• Optics
  From Greek optikos, meaning "of or having to do with sight." Optos meaning "seen, visible," and -ikos meaning "pertaining to."

• Orthochromatic
  From Greek orthos-, meaning "correct, upright" and -chromatic, meaning "color."

• Panchromatic
  From Greek pan-, meaning "all, every" and -chromatic, meaning "color."

• Panorama
  From Greek pan-, meaning "all, every" and -horama, meaning "sight, spectacle, that which is seen."

• Photograph
  From Greek phōs, meaning "light" and graphie, meaning "to write, draw."

• Portrait
  From the Latin protrahere, meaning "to draw forth, paint" Pro-, meaning "forth" and trahere "to drag, draw." 

• Pose
  From Old French poser, meaning "put, place, propose." Derived from Latin pausare, meaning "to halt, rest, cease, pause," originally from the Greek pauein, meaning "to stop, hold back, arrest, to cause to cease." Confused meaning from Latin ponere, with no real etymological connection. Ponere coming from Proto.Indo.European. *apo-, meaning "off, away," and *sinere, meaning "to leave, let" 

• Range
  From Old French reng or renge, meaning "a row, line. rank."

• Shutter
  From Middle English shitten, meaning "close; lock, fasten closed."

• Speed
  From Old English sped, meaning "success; prosperity, riches, wealth; luck; opportunity, advancement."

• Time
  From Proto-Germanic *timon-, meaning "time." Originally from Proto.Indo.European. di-mon-, di/da- meaning "to divide," and -mon possibly a suffix of action, state, or condition.

• Vision
  From the Latin videre, meaning "to see"

Citation

https://www.etymonline.com/